 |
|
 |
|
|
|
There are certain women, I am informed, who place men under their spell without
leaving them the melancholy satisfaction of understanding how the thing was
done. They may have absolutely repulsive features, and a pretty permanent absence
of mind; without that charm of cheerful grace before which we are said to succumb.
Yet they manage to assume command of certain. It is thus with mules. I have
heard them called awkward and personally plain, nor is it denied that their
disposition, though rich in individuality, lacks some measure of qualities which
should endear them to humanity. Despite all this, and even more, they have a
way of tenderly getting the better of us, and, in the long run, absolutely enthroning
themselves in our affections. Mystery as it is, I confess to its potent sway,
long ago owning it beyond solution.
Live on the intimate terms of brother-explorer with your mule, be thoughtful
for his welfare, and you by-and-by take an emotional start toward him which
will surprise you. You look into that reserved face, the embodiment of self-contained
drollery, and begin to detect soft thought and tender feeling; and sometimes,
as you cinch your saddle a little severely, the calm, reproachful visage will
swing round and melt you with a single look. Nothing is left but to rub the
velvet nose and loosen up the girth. When the mere brightness and gayety of
mountain life carries one away with their hilarious current, there is something
in the meek and humble air of a lot of pack animals altogether chastening in
its prompt effect.
My "'69" was one of these insidious beings who within a week of our
first meeting asserted supremacy over my life, and formed a silent partnership
with my conscience. She was a chubby, black mule, so sleek and rotund as distantly
to suggest a pig on stilts. Upon the eye which still remained, a cataract had
begun to spread its dimming film. Her make-up was also defective in a weak pair
of hind legs, which gave way suddenly in going up steep places. She was clumsy,
and in rugged pathways would squander much time in the selection of her foothold.
At these moments, when she deliberated, as I fancied, needlessly long, I have
very gently suggested with Spanish spur that it might be as well to start; the
serious face then turned upon me, its mild eye looking into mine one long, earnest
gaze, as much as to say, "I love and would spare you; remember Balaam!"
I yielded.
These animals are always of the opposition party; they reverse your wishes,
and from one year's end to another defy your best judgment. Yet I love them,
and only in extreme moments "go for" them with a fence-rail or theodolite-tripod.
Nothing can be pleasanter than to ride them through forest roads, chatting in
a bright company, and catching glimpses of far, quiet scenery framed by the
long, furry ears.
So we thought on that sunny morning when we left Sisson's, starting ahead of
wagons and pack animals, and riding out into the woodland on our trip round
Shasta; a march of a hundred miles, with many proposed side-excursions into
the mountain.
The California haze had again enveloped Shasta, this time nearly obscuring it.
In forest along the southeast base, we came upon the stream flowing from McCloud
Glacier, its cold waters milky white with fine, sandy sediment. Such dense,
impenetrable fields of chaparral cover the south foothills that we were only
able to fight our way through limited parts, getting, however, a clear idea
of lava flows and topography. Farther east, the plains rise to seven thousand
feet, and fine wood ridges sweep down from Shasta, inviting approach.
While Munger and Watkins camped to make studies and negatives of the peak, Fred
Clark and I packed one mule with a week's provisions, and, mounting our saddle-animals,
struck off into dark, silent forest.
It was a steep climb of eight or ten miles up tree-covered ridges and among
outcrops of gray trachyte, nearly every foot showing more or less evidence of
glacial action; long trains of morainal rocks upon which large forest-trees
seemed satisfied to grow; great, rough regions of terminal rubbish, with enclosed
patches of level earth commonly grass-grown and picturesque. It was sunset before
we came upon water, and then it flowed a thousand feet below us in the bottom
of a sharp, narrow cañon, cut abruptly down in what seemed glacial de´bris.
I thought it unwise to take our mules down its steep wall if there were any
camp-spot high up in the opener head of the cañon, and went off on foot
to climb the wooded moraines still farther, hoping to come upon a bit of alpine
sward with icy pool, or even upon a spring. When up between two and three hundred
feet the trees became less and less frequent, rugged trains of stone and glacier-scored
rock in places covering the spurs. I could now overlook the snow amphitheatre,
which opened vast and shadowy above. Not a sign of vegetation enlivened its
stony bed. The icy brook flowed between slopes of de´bris. At my feet
a trachyte ridge narrowed the stream with a tortuous bed, and led it to the
edge of a five-hundred-feet cliff, over which poured a graceful cascade. Finding
no camp-spot there, I turned northward and made a detour through deep woods,
by-and-by coming back to Clark. We faced the necessity, and by dark were snugly
camped in the wild cañon bottom. It was one of the loneliest bivouacs
of my life: shut in by high, dark walls, a few clustered trees growing here
and there, others which floods had undermined lying prostrate, rough bowlders
thrown about, an icy stream hurrying by, and chilly winds coming down from the
height, against which our blankets only half defended us.
Our excursion next day was south and west, across high, scantily wooded moraines,
till we came to the deep cañon of the McCloud Glacier.
I describe this gorge, as it is one of several similar, all peculiar to Shasta.
We had climbed to a point about ten thousand feet above the sea, and were upon
the eastern edge of a cañon of eleven or twelve hundred feet depth. From
the very crest of the Shasta, with here and there a few patches of snow, a long
and remarkably even de´bris slope swept down. It seemed as if these small
pieces of trachyte formed a great part of the region, for to the very bottom
our cañon walls were worked out of it. A half mile below us the left
bank was curiously eroded by side streams, resulting in a family of pillars
from one to seven hundred feet high, each capped with some hard lava bowlder
which had protected the soft de´bris beneath from weathering. From its
lofty ne´ve´ the McCloud Glacier descended over rugged slopes in
one long cascade to a little above our station, where it impinged against a
great rock buttress and turned sharply from the south wall toward us, rounding
over in a great, solid ice-dome eight or nine hundred feet high. For a mile
farther a huge accumulation looking like a river of de´bris cumbered the
bottom. Here and there, on close scrutiny, we found it to be pierced with caverns
whose ice-walls showed that the glacier underlay all this vast amount of stone.
Bowlders rattled continually from the upper glacier and down both cañon
walls, increasing the already great burden. Along both sides were evidences
of motion in the lateral moraine embankments, and a very perceptible rounding
up of terminal ramparts, from which in white torrent poured the sub-glacial
brook.
It is instructive to consider what an amount of freighting labor this shrunken
ice-stream has to perform besides dragging its own vast weight along. In descending
Shasta we had found glacial ice which evidently for a mile or more deeply underlaid
a mass of rock similar to this. It is one of the curiosities of Mount Shasta
that such a great bulk of ice should be buried, and in large part preserved,
by loads of rock fragments. fine contrasts of color were afforded high up among
the se´rac by a combination of blue ice and red lavas. We hammered and
surveyed here for half the day, then descended to our mules, who bore us eagerly
back to their home, our weird little cañon camp.
A pleasant day's march, altogether in woods and over glacial ridges, during
which not a half hour passed without opening views of the cone, brought us high
on the northern slope, at the upper forest limit, in a region of barren avalanche
tracks and immense moraines.
Between those great, straight ridges which jut almost parallel from the volcano's
base are wide, shelving valleys, the pathways of extinct glaciers; and here
the forest, although it must once have obtained foothold, has been uprooted
and swept away before powerful avalanches, crushed and up-piled trunks in sad
wreck marking spots where the snow-rush stopped.
Two brooks, separated by a wide, gently rounding zone of drift, flowed down
through the glacier valley which opened directly in front of our camp.
Early next morning Clark and I made up a bag of lunch, shouldered our instruments,
and set out for a day on the glacier. Our slow, laborious ascent of the valley
was not altogether uninteresting. Constant views obtained of moraines on either
side gave us much pleasure and study. It was instructive to observe that the
bases of their structure were solid floors of lave, upon which, in rude though
secure masonry, were piled embankments not less than half a mile wide and four
hundred feet high. Among the huge rocks which formed the upper structure the
tree-forms were peculiar. Apparently every tree had made an effort to fill some
gap and round out the smooth general surface. No matter how deeply twisted between
high bowlders, the branches spread themselves out in a continuous, dense mat,
stretching from stone to stone. It was only rarely, and in the less elevated
parts of the moraine, that we could see a trunk. The whole effect was of a causeway
of rock overgrown by some dense, green vine.
Similar patches of stunted trees grew here and there over the bottom of our
broad amphitheatre. Oftentimes we threaded our way among dense thickets of pines,
never over six or eight feet in height, having trunks often two and three feet
in diameter, and more than once we walked over their tops, our feet sinking
but two or three inches into the dense mat of foliage. Here and there, half
buried in the drift, we came across the tall, noble trunks of avalanche-killed
trees. In comparing their straight, symmetrical growth with the singularly matted
condition of the living-dwarfed trees, I find the indication of a great climatic
change. Not only are the present avalanches too great to permit their growth,
but the violent cold winds which drift over this region bend down the young
trees to such an extent that there are no longer tall, normal specimens. Around
the upper limits of aborescent vegetation we passed some most enchanting spots;
groves, not over eight feet in height, of large trees whose white trunks and
interwoven boughs formed a colonnade, over which stretched thick, living thatch.
Under these strange galleries we walked upon soft, velvety turf and an elastic
cushion of pine-needles; nor could we resist the temptation of lying down here
to rest beneath the dense roof. As we looked back, charming little vistas opened
between the old and dwarfed stems. In one direction we could see the moraine
with its long, graded slope and variegated green and brown surface; in another,
the open pathway of the old glacier worn deeper and deeper between lofty, forest-clad
spurs; and up to the great snow mass above us, with its slender peak in the
heavens looking down upon magnificent sweep of ne´ve´.
Only the strong desire for glaciers led us away from these delightful groves.
A short tramp over sand and bowlders brought us to the foot of a broad, irregular,
terminal moraine. Two or three milky cascades poured out from under the great
bowlder region and united to form two important streams. We followed one of
these in our climb up the moraine, and after an hour's hard work found ourselves
upon an immense pile of lava blocks, from which we could overlook the whole.
In irregular curve it continues not less than three miles around the end of
the glacier, and in no place that I saw was less than a half mile in width.
Where we had attacked it the width cannot be less than a mile, and the portion
over which we had climbed must reach a thickness of five or six hundred feet.
About a half mile above us, though but little lifted from our level, undulating
hillocks of ice marked the division between glacier and moraine; above that,
it stretched in uninterrupted white fields. The moraine in every direction extended
in singularly abrupt hills, separated by deep, irregular pits and basins of
a hundred and more feet deep.
As we climbed on, the footing became more and more insecure, piles of rock giving
way under our weight. Before long we came to a region of circular, funnel-shaped
craters, where evidently the underlying glacier had melted out and a whole freight
of bowlders fallen in with a rush. Around the edges of these horrible traps
we threaded our way with extreme caution; now and then a bowlder, dislodging
under our feet, rolled down into these pits, and many tons would settle out
of sight. Altogether it was the most dangerous kind of climbing I have ever
seen. You were never sure of your foothold. More than once, when crossing a
comparatively smooth, level bowlder-field, the rocks began to sink under us,
and we sprang on from stone to stone while the great mass caved and sank slowly
behind us. At times, while making our way over solid-seeming stretches, the
sound of a deep, sub-glacial stream flowing far beneath us came up faint and
muffled through the chinks of the rock. This sort of music is not encouraging
to the nerves. To the siren babble of mountain brook is added all the tragic
nearness of death.
We looked far and wide in hope of some solid region which should lead us up
to the ice, but it was all alike, and we hurried, on the rocks settling and
sinking beneath our tread, until we made our way to the edge, and climbed with
relief upon the hard, white surface. After we had gained the height of a hundred
feet, climbing up a comparatively smooth slope between brooks which flowed over
it, a look back gave a more correct idea of the general billowy character of
our moraine; and here and there in its deeper indentations we could detect the
underlying ice.
It is, then, here as upon the McCloud Glacier. For at least a mile's width the
whole lower zone is buried under accumulation of morainal matter. Instead of
ending like most Swiss glaciers, this ice wastes chiefly in contact with the
ground, and when considerable caverns are formed the overlying moraine crushes
its way through the rotten roof, making the funnels we had seen.
Thankful that we had not assisted at one of these engulfments, we scrambled
on up the smooth, rooflike slope, steadying our ascent by the tripod legs used
as alpine stock. When we had climbed perhaps a thousand feet the surface angle
became somewhat gentler, and we were able to overlook before us the whole broad
incline up to the very peak. For a mile or a mile and a half the sharp, blue
edges of crevasses were apparent here and there, yawning widely for the length
of a thousand feet, and at other places intersecting each other confusedly,
resulting in piled-up masses of shattered ice.
We were charmed to enter this wild region, and hurried to the edge of an immense
chasm. It could hardly have been less than a thousand or twelve hundred feet
in length. The solid, white wall of the opposite side--sixty feet over--fell
smooth and vertical for a hundred feet or more, where rough wedged blocks and
bridges of clear blue ice stretched from wall to wall. From these and from numerous
overhanging shelves hung the long, crystal threads of icicles, and beyond, dark
and impenetrable, opened ice-caverns of unknown limit. We cautiously walked
along this brink, examining with deep interest all the lines of stratification
and veining, and the strange succession of views down into the fractured regions
below.
I had the greatest desire to be let down with a line and make my way among these
pillars and bridges of ice, but our little twenty feet of slender rope forbade
the attempt. Farther up, the crevasses walled us about more and more. At last
we got into a region where they cut into one another, breaking the whole glacier
body into a confused pile of ice blocks. Here we had great difficulty in seeing
our way for more than a very few feet, and were constantly obliged to climb
to the top of some dangerous block to get an outlook, and before long, instead
of a plain with here and there a crevasse, we were in a mass of crevasses separated
only by thin and dangerous blades of ice.
We still pushed on, tied together with our short line, jumping over pits and
chasms, holding our breath over slender snow-ridges, and beginning to think
the work serious. We climbed an ice-crag together; all around rose strange,
sharp forms; below, in every direction, yawned narrow cuts, caves trimmed with
long stalactites of ice, walls ornamented with crystal pilasters, and dark-blue
grottoes opening down into deeper and more gloomy chambers, as silent and cold
as graves.
Far above, the summit rose white and symmetrical, its sky line sweeping down
sharp against the blue. Below, over ice-wreck and frozen waves, opened the deep
valley of our camp, leading our vision down to distant forest slopes.
We were in the middle of a vast, convex glacier surface which embraced the curve
of Shasta for four miles around, and at least five on the slope line, ice stretching
in every direction and actuallybounding the view on all sides except where we
looked down.
The idea of a mountain glacier formed from Swiss or Indian views is always of
a stream of ice walled in by more or less lofty ridges. Here a great, curved
cover of ice flows down the conical surface of a volcano without lateral walls,
a few lava pinnacles and inconspicuous piles of de´bris separating it
from the next glacier, but they were unseen from our point. Sharp, white profiles
met the sky. It became evident we could go no farther in the old direction,
and we at once set about retracing our steps, but in the labyrinth soon lost
the barely discernible tracks and never refound them. Whichever way we turned,
impassable gulfs opened before us, but just a little way to the right or left
it seemed safe and traversable.
At last I got provoked at the ill-luck, and suggested to Clark that we might
with advantage take a brief intermission for lunch, feeling that a lately quieted
stomach is the best defence for nerves. So when we got into a pleasant, open
spot, where the glacier became for a little way smooth and level, we sat down,
leisurely enjoying our repast. We saw a possible way out of our difficulty,
and sat some time chatting pleasantly. When there was no more lunch we started
again, and only three steps away came upon a narrow crack edged by sharp ice-jaws.
There was something noticeable in the hollow, bottomless darkness seen through
it which arrested us, and when we had jumped across to the other side, both
knelt and looked into its depths. We saw a large, domed grotto walled in with
shattered ice and arched over by a roof of frozen snow so thin that the light
came through quite easily. The middle of this dome overhung a terrible abyss.
A block of ice thrown in fell from ledge to ledge, echoing back its stroke fainter
and fainter. We had unconsciously sat for twenty minutes lunching and laughing
on the thin roof, with only a few inches of frozen snow to hold us up over that
still, deep grave; a noonday sun rapidly melting its surface, the warmth of
our persons slowly thawing it, and both of us playfully drumming the frail crest
with our tripod legs. We looked at one another, and agreed that we had lost
confidence in glaciers.
Splendid rifts now opened to north of us, with slant sunshine lighting up one
side in vivid contrast with the cold, shadowed wall. We greatly enjoyed a tall
precipice with a gaping crevasse at its base, and found real pleasure in the
north edge of the great ice-field, whither we now turned. A low moraine, with
here and there a mass of rock which might be solid, flanked the glacier, but
was separated from it by a deeply melted crevasse, opening irregular caverns
along the wall down under the very glacier body. We were some time searching
a point where this gulf might be safely crossed. A thin tongue of ice, sharpened
by melting to a mere blade, jutted from the solid glacier over to the moraine,
offering us a passage of some danger and much interest. We edged our way along
astride its crest, until a good spring carried us over a final crevasse and
up upon the moraine, which we found to be dangerously built up of honeycombed
ice and bowlders. The same perilous sinks and holes surrounded us, and alternated
with hollow archways over subterranean streams. It was a relief, after an hour's
labor, to find ourselves on solid lava, although the ridge, which proved to
be a chain of old craters, was one of the most dreary reaches I have ever seen.
In the evidence of glacier motion there had seemed a form of life, but here
among silent, rigid crater rims and stark fields of volcanic sand we walked
upon ground lifeless and lonely beyond description: a frozen desert at nine
thousand feet altitude. Among the huge, rude forms of lava we tramped along,
happy when the tracks of mountain sheep suggested former explorers, and pleased
if a snow-bank under rock shadow gave birth to spring or pool. But the severe
impression of arctic dreariness passed off when, reaching a rim, we looked over
and down upon the volcano's north foot, a superb sweep of forest country waved
with ridgy flow of lava and gracefully curved moraines.
Afar off, the wide, sunny Shasta Valley, dotted with miniature volcanoes, and
checked with the yellow and green of grain and garden, spread pleasantly away
to the north, bounded by Clamath hills and horizoned by the blue rank of Siskiyou
Mountains. To our left the cone slope stretched away to Sisson's, the sharp
form of the Black Cone rising in the gap between Shasta and Scott Mountain.
Here again the tremendous contrast between lava and ice about us and that lovely
expanse of ranches and verdure impressed anew its peculiar force.
We tramped on along the glacier edge, over rough ridges and slopes of old moraine,
rounding at last the ice terminus, and crossing the valley to camp, where our
three mules welcomed us with friendly discord.
A day's march over forest-covered moraines and through open glades brought us
to the main camp at Sheep Rock, uniting us with our friends. The heavier air
of this lower level soothed us into a pleasant laziness which lasted over Sunday,
resting our strained muscles and opening the heart anew to human and sacred
influence. If we are sometimes at pain when realizing within what narrow range
of latitude mankind reaches finer development, how short a step it is from tropical
absence of spiritual life to dull, boreal stupidity, it is added humiliation
to experience our marked limitation in altitude. At fourteen thousand feet little
is left me but bodily appetite and impression of sense. The habit of scientific
observation, which in time becomes one of the involuntary processes, goes on
as do heart-beat and breathing; a certain general awe overshadows the mind;
but on descending again to lowlands one after another the whole riches of the
human organization come back with delicious freshness. Something of this must
account for my delight in finding the family of Preuxtemps (a half-Cherokee
mountaineer known hereabouts as Pro-tem) camped near us. Pro-tem was a barbarian
by choice, and united all the wilder instincts with a domestic passion worthy
his Caucasian ancestor, and quite charming in its childlike manifestation.
Protem mère, an obese Digger squaw, so evidently avoided us that I respected
her feelings and never once visited their bivouac, although the flutter of gaudy
rags and that picturesque squalor of which she and the camp-fire were centre
and soul, sorely tempted me.
The old man and his four little barefoot girls, if not actually familiar, were
more than sociable, and spent much time with us. The elder three, ranging from
eight to twleve, were shy and timid as little quails, dodging about and scampering
off to some hiding-place when I strove to introduce myself through the medium
of such massive sweet-cakes as our William produced. Not so the little six-year-old
Clarissa, who in all frankness met my advances and repaid me for the cookies
she silently devoured by gentlest and most fascinating smiles.
A stained and earth-hued flour-sack rudely gathered into a band was her skirt,
and confined the little, long-sleeved, pink calico sack. From out a voluminous
sun-bonnet with long cape shone the chubby face of my little friend. For all
she was so young and charming small, Clarissa was woman rather than child. She
took entire care of herself, and prowled about in a self-contained way, making
studies and observations with ludicrous gravity. Early mornings she came with
slow, matronly gait down to the horse-trough, and, rolling up her sleeves, laid
aside the huge sun-bonnet, washed her face and hands wiping them on her petticoat,
and arranged her jetty Indian hair with the quiet unconsciousness of fifty years.
Her good-morning nod, with the reserved yet affectionate smile, put me in happiness
for the day, and when as I strolled about she overtook me and placed her little
hand in mine, looking up with fearless, quiet confidence, I measured step with
her, and we held sweet chats about squirrels and field-mice. But I thought her
most charming when she brought her father down to our camp-fire after supper,
and, alternately on his knee or mine, listened to our stories and wound a soft
little arm about our necks. The twilight passed agreeably thus, Clarissa gradually
paying less and less attention to our yarns, till she pulled the skirts of my
cavalry coat over her, and curling up on my lap laid her dear little head on
my breast, smiled, gaped, rubbed with plump knuckles the blinking eyes, dozed,
and at last sank into a deep sleep.
I can even now see old Protem draw an explanatory map on the ground his moccasin
had smoothed, and go on with his story of bear fight or wolf trap, illustrating
by singularly apt gesture every trait and motion of the animal he described,
while firelight warmed the brown skin and ruddy cheek of my little charge and
flickered on her soft, black hair.
The last bear story of an evening being ended, Protem took from me Clarissa,
whose single yawn and pretty bewilderment subsided in a second, leaving her
sound asleep on the buckskin shoulder of her father.
About half way between Sheep Rock and the snow-line extensive eruptions of basalt
have occurred, deluging the lower slopes, and flowing in gently inclined fields
and streams down through Shasta Valley for many miles. The surface of this basalt
country is singularly diversified. Rising above its general level are numerous
domes, some of them smoothly arched over with rock, others perforated at the
top, and more broken in circular parapets. The origin of these singular blisters
is probably simple. Overflowing former trachyte fields, the basalt swept down,
covering a series of pools and brooks. The water converted into steam blew up
the viscous rock in such forms as we find. Here and there the basalt surface
opens in circular orifces, into which you may look a hundred feet or more.
In 1863, in company with Professor Brewer, I visited this very region, and we
were then shown an interesting tubular cavern lying directly under the surface
of a lava plain.
Mr. Palmer and I revisited the spot, and, having tied our mules, descended through
a circular hole to the cavern's mouth. And archway of black lava sixty feet
wide by eighty high, with a floor of lava sand and rough bowlders, led under
the basalt in a notherly direction, preserving an incline not more than the
gentle slope of the country. Our roof overhead could hardly have been more than
twenty or thirty feet thick. We followed the cavern, which was a comparatively
regular tube, for half or three-quarters of a mile. Now and then the roof would
open up in larger chambers, and the floor be cumbered with huge piles of lava,
over which we scrambled, sometimes nearly reaching the ceiling. Fresh lava-froth
and smooth blister-holes lined the sides. Innumerable bats and owls on silent
wing floated by our candles, fanning an air singularly still and dense.
After a cautious scramble over a long pile of immense basalt blocks, we came
to the end of the cave, and sat down upon piles of de´bris. We then repeated
an experiment, formerly made by Brewer and myself, of blowing out our candle
to observe the intense darkness, then firing a pistol that we might hear its
dull, muffled explosion.
The formation of this cave, as explained in professor Whitney's Geological Report,
is this: "A basalt stream, flowing down from Shasta, cooled and hardened
upon the surface, while within the mass remained molten and fluid. From simple
pressure the lava burst out at the lower end, and, flowing forth, left an empty
tube. Wonderfully fresh and recent the whole confused rock-walls appeared, and
we felt, as we walked and climbed back to the opening and to daylight, as if
we had been allowed to travel back into the volcano age."
One more view of Shasta, obtained a few days later from Well's ranch on the
Yreka road, seems worthy of mention. From here the cone and side crater are
in line, making a single symmetrical form with broad, broken summit singularly
like Cotopaxi.
You look over green meadows and cultivated fields; beyond is a chain of little
volcanoes girdling Shasta's foot, for the most part bare and yellow, but clouded
in places with dark forest, which a little farther up mantles the broad, grand
cone, and sweeps up over ridge and cañon to alpine heights of rock and
ice.
Strange and splendid is the evening effect from here, when shadow over base
and light upon summit divide the vast pile into two zones of blue-purple and
red-gold. We watched the colors fade and the peak recede farther and dimmer
among darkness and stars.
Geology ~ Environment ~ Native Americans ~ Folklore ~ History ~ Art ~ Literature
Recreation ~ Maps ~ Mount Shasta Collection ~ Bibliography ~ Lesson Plans ~ About Project